El dolor es una experiencia subjetiva y negativa asociada a daño (o potencial daño) en los tejidos con componentes sensoriales, emocionales, cognitivos y sociales (1).  Si bien es cierto que a lo largo de la vida toda persona padecerá varios episodios de dolor, sólo en ocasiones este llega a tener una relevancia clínica bien sea por los procesos fisiopatológicos subyacentes, o bien por el tiempo de evolución del cuadro clínico (2). En el mundo contemporáneo el dolor crónico constituye todo un reto para los médicos y profesionales de la salud dedicados a su atención (3).

Las causas del dolor son variables y muestran variación según el grupo etario. En niños y adolescentes son comunes los dolores abdominales, cefalea, cervicalgia y dorsalgia describiéndose en ellos prevalencias de hasta el 49% (4–6). En adultos son frecuentes el dolor de rodillas (generalmente como consecuencia de la artrosis), lumbago, ciática, dolor de hombros, fibromialgia y el dolor neuropático con prevalencias de hasta el 60% (7–11). Indudablemente el dolor produce efectos negativos sobre la calidad de vida de quien lo padece y sus familias, disminuye la capacidad funcional, obliga a un mayor uso de los servicios de salud y produce costos directos derivados de su atención (12).

Los mecanismos implicados en la generación del dolor son complejos e incluyen el daño tisular, inflamación, alteración en la expresión de factores de expresión y la producción de diferentes mediadores que explican su desarrollo (13,14). La memoria que se crea sobre el dolor es también de gran importancia en el entendimiento del dolor crónico, es decir, para la mayoría de entidades clínicas que cursan con dolor (15,16).

La complejidad del dolor obliga a un abordaje multidisciplinario y con aproximaciones terapéuticas variadas para alcanzar su control efectivo (17). El farmacológico del dolor crónica suele tener tasas de satisfacción bajas (cercanas al 45%) lo cual motiva a las personas y a los profesionales de la salud a buscar otros tratamientos que permitan su control (18). Aunque el uso de la medicina complementaria y alternativa mejora la satisfacción del paciente en términos del control del dolor, son muchos los casos en los cuales incluso estas estrategias habitualmente utilizadas no son suficientes. La apiterapia es una herramienta terapéutica adicional que mejora los resultados terapéuticos en pacientes que cursan con dolor agudo y crónico.

Efectos de los productos de la colmena en el manejo del dolor

Son diversos los mecanismos que explican el efecto de los productos de la colmena en el manejo del dolor:

Veneno de abejas

Pan de abejas

Propóleo

Jalea real

Miel de abejas

Referencias bibliográficas

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